Platos Influence in Western Culture Essay

Plato (429-347 B. C. E) is seen by many as one of the greatest philosophers of the classical period, if not of all time. Coming from a wealthy Athenian family it is the belief that he followed and further developed philosophy from his mentor Socrates. His first works are seen as the most trust-worthy accounts of Socrates life, and after his death Plato would continue to develop Socrates works with the help from Plato’s most famous student, Aristotle. During this time Plato would develop his most famous work The Republic. This would notably, along with many of his later works, blend his ideas of politics, ethics, psychology, and metaphysics into an interlinked philosophy. Plato’s dialogues present much of the idea’s founded and developed by the trio, especially in one of his most famous dialogues, The Apology of Socrates Trial. It is from these experiences that with the help of his teacher Socrates and his student Aristotle, Plato would develop the philosophical foundations of Western culture. When asked to define the philosophical style of Plato most people would be quick to label him as a political philosopher, this is due to his views on social implication and the idea of an ideal state or government. Plato was an elitist political thinker in the fact that he said that only those with reason, experience and wisdom should govern. The way he put it was: â€Å"Until philosophers rule as kings or those who are now called kings and leading men genuinely and adequately philosophize, that is, until political power and philosophy entirely coincide, while the many natures who at present pursue either one exclusively are forcibly prevented from doing so, cities will have no rest from evils,†¦ nor, I think, will the human race. † By saying this Plato re-enforces his thought that only those with great wisdom should become leaders and politicians. His belief was that cities will remain evil and tyrant until their current kings either began to think and philosophize, or philosophers were to take rule over the kingdom. Plato’s theory was that these new superior leaders would be seen as â€Å"those who love the sight of truth. † And from this they would then create a perfect city much like the one which he outlined in The Republic, which begins with the city being run by an aristocracy, whose virtue is wisdom, lacks honour and because of this gets replaced by a militant government, which had the virtue of honour but also has the vice of poverty. This too is then overthrown by an elitist group whose wealth corrects the poverty of former militant government but also brings the vice of greed. The elitists are once again replaced by an elected democracy whose vision of equality and fairness corrects the former greed but brings the mistake of to much freedom resulting in anarchy. Finally, the movement of democracy brings forth the order of a tyranny, which establishes peace through cruelty and oppression. It is from this cycle of inevitable and more disturbingly logical political change that Plato disliked the idea of democracy, stating that the average person is selfish, envious and stupid, which leads democracy to be highly corruptible and can cause it to open gates to potential dictators. Democracy was seen as a government dependant on chance which for success must be mixed with competent leadership. The belief was that to run a state a government politicians needed expert rulers and not an average unintelligent citizen who may be elected in by accident. A political decision needs good judgement and because of this leaders must be carefully selected and prepared by means of extensive training. Because of this theory Plato would influence Aristotle, the English constitution and the founding fathers of America to develop a mixed republic that combines democracy, aristocracy and kingship. After the death of Socrates Plato returned to Athens and from there founded a school knows as the Academy, which is where we get the English word â€Å"academic† from and still to this day call institutes of higher learning â€Å"academies†. It was around 387 B. C. E in which Plato bought land outside of Athens to set up his school of philosophy there, which many see as the Western world’s first university. The aim of this academy was to train future politicians of Greek states, and studies focused primarily on philosophy and mathematics. The academy would continue to educate for more than 900 years after its founding even surviving the Roman invasion on Greece in 146 BCE, eventually though the academy would close when the Christian Emperor Justinian closed it in 529 A. D. Later though in Florence sometime during the mid-15th century the â€Å"Accademia Platonica† would be formed by a group of scholars who met under the Platonic philosophy professor Marsilio Ficino, to discuss philosophy and the study of classical politics. Finally in 1926 a modern academy of Athens would be built and labelled as Greece’s national academy. Staying true to its original routes to this day the academy still focuses on the study of humanities and science. It is from this initial establishment of his original academy that the legacy was able to pass on through hundreds of years to the point where the tradition is still alive to this date. Had it not been for Plato’s founding of the academy, the education process would most likely be very different than from that of which it is as we know it today. In Plato’s last and longest work entitled the Laws, he begins by asking â€Å"Who is given credit for laying down the laws? † As opposed to his earlier work in the Republic, which focused on what the best possible state might be like and what experiences and adjustments must be made to achieve that status, the Laws rather focuses on the idea of creating a practicable, yet ideal form of government in a much more realistic way than the former. The characters in this work deal with designing rules to meet â€Å"real world† problems and human affairs. Unfortunately though, the dialogue went unfinished at 345 pages at the time of Plato’s death in 347 B. C. E. The incomplete work of the Laws was still able to outline many questions and themes including, divine revelation, divine law and lawgiving; the role of intelligence in lawgiving; the relations of philosophy, religion, and politics; the role of music, exercise and dance in education; natural law and natural right just to name a few. Once again it was because of Plato’s teaching of his theory’s and publication of his dialogue’s that this theory was also able to spread so quickly through Western culture and even play a role in the way we choose laws to this date. Overall it appears that without Plato’s influence and writings the Western world and it’s culture would have been drastically different from what is the current norm in society. Political structure, academic education and formation of laws would all be heavily affected to the point in which many key things that one would see vital in today’s society may not even exist such as the use of a constitution or an academic university, since it was Plato who established and helped spread the development of such institutions. With Socrates and Aristotle, Plato not only helped develop the foundation of Western culture, but he steered it down the right path as well.

Computerized Sales Inventory System Essay

By having a plan of widening the Cunderdin-Quairading Road , conservation is still involved because the management involved in the operation were able to conserve the old and big trees. They are able to protect and enhance the environmental values of road reserves. By consulting to the Department of Environment and Conservation for a clearing permit gave them permission what trees to cut and remind them to be responsible enough on how to conserve nature despite of the more industrialized world for convenience. The study also increased the employees’ and community’ s awareness of roadside conservation. It can provide safe and efficient road access while balancing best practice environmental management. It only shows that conservation is not a hindrance to save nature even though we want to improve our community or to build business. It is just a matter of planning and remembering the environment. The study about Shire of Cunderdin: Cunderdin-Quairading Road is just an example of conservation issue that must be given attention. It shows that people are still aware of the conservation issues and trying to promote goodwill to save the planet for our future generation. II. Case Study Shire of Cunderdin: Cunderdin-Quairading Road – The Shire of Cunderdin undertook road upgrade works along the Cunderdin-Quairading Road during 2011. This upgrade was in response to the state government decision to close Tier 3 grain-freight railway lines which would result in increased grain freight traffic on local roads such as the Cunderdin-Quairading Road. The road works The road works included formation works, shoulder works, drainage works, overlay and widening. The object of the upgrade was to: * clear grass, some small vegetation and minimal trees * reform and improve drainage * box out shoulders to a depth of 10 centimetres * overlay old pavement 10 centimetres * widen the pavement to 9 metres with a seal width of 7 metres Grader, loaders and trucks were used for clearing and formation works. Where the major clearing was required, such as the removal of salmon gums, skid steers and a 3-ton excavator was used to manoeuvre in places where the large plant equipment couldn’t go. The road reserve along the Cunderdin-Quairading Road consists of open roadside vegetation dominated by salmon gum, york gum, acacia and sheoak species in a degraded condition, with a predominantly introduced under storey of agricultural weeds. There are no declared rare flora or threatened ecological communities along the Road. Clearing was selective and only to the extent needed. When applying to the Department of Environment and Conservation for a clearing permit, each tree or area to be cleared was recorded on a GPS, with a view to minimizing the number of trees to be cleared, and to preserve as many large trees along the road, while creating a safe and effect ive road for users. The amount and diversity of roadside vegetation was taken into account when widening the road, and where one side of the road was less diverse than the other, the road was widened on that side. Agricultural weeds were cleared from undergrowth, and low vegetation was cleared on two s-bends to create a better line of sight, which reduced the need for a complete s-bend realignment and subsequent major clearing. Other works along the Cunderdin-Quairading Road were carried out under exemption, as specified under Item 22 of Regulation 5 (and Schedule 2) of the WA Clearing Regulations which specifies clearing within the road maintenance zones. Future plans Although no conditions were placed on the permit, the shire plans to put in place a strategic offset program where tree planting and revegetation of degraded areas and exhausted gravel pits will be undertaken annually to offset any essential clearing of native vegetation along roadsides. Future offsets will include planting low lying native shrubs along cleared road reserves to maintain aesthetics, for weed control, and to join vegetation corridors. Offset plans for 2011-12 include the revegetation of an old road reserve that was left after the realignment of an s-bend on Doodenanning Road. Agreements have been made with the adjacent property owner to allow room for farm machinery access. The revegetation will link up with a small pocket of remnant vegetation on the landholder’s property and existing roadside vegetation.

Adverse effects of flood in Pakistan

Adverse effects of flood in Pakistan Executive Summary: The Flood of 2010 which affected around 20 million people in Pakistan directly and left them homeless have been the worst flood that Pakistan and the world has ever seen. The research was conducted on the subject of â€Å"adverse effects of flood in Pakistan† and how it has affected our agriculture, banks, economy, imports and exports. The research was basically exploratory in nature in which we gathered articles from various institutions, organizations and newspapers. There is so much material available on the topic that it became a challenge for us to remain specific and to the point. One more problem was that due to many sources there were a clash in the facts & figures so we have taken out the reliable resources in order to make it less confusing. The research concluded that the flood has caused unprecedented devastation to Pakistan’s economy, agriculture, infrastructure, imports/exports and above all, to human lives and dignity. Not only 20 mill ion have to be given food and shelter but for the long term the government and the people have to create jobs so that they can stand on their own feet again. Introduction Natural Disaster is the effect of natural hazards which includes flood, tornado, volcano eruption, earthquake or landslide that affects the environment, leads to financial, environmental and/or human losses. It is terrible event that is not caused by human activity and results in deaths, injuries or damage to property. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, and their resilience. This perceptive is concentrated in the formulation: disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability .A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has therefore been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement. Natural disasters which occur due to the change of plate tectonics are earthquakes, volcanoes, geyser eruptions and tsunami. These different types of natural disasters have taken away millions of lives and have caused trillions of dollars in terms of financial losses. The recent flood in Pakistan was one of the worst natural disasters in Pakistan’s history and in world’s history. It was one of the biggest disasters that the world have ever experienced not in terms of death but in terms of people affected, area affected and in terms of financial losses that occurred. Almost one- eighth of the population was directly affected by flood. The floods that recently caused great damage to Pakistan had more impact than the combine impact of tsunami in 2004, Haiti earthquake in 2010 and Earthquake of 2005 that affected northern areas of Pakistan. The affected people in these combine three disasters were around 11 million people but in the recent flood affected around 20 million people across Paki stan. Pakistan has experienced floods and the details of those floods are provided below: Flood in September 1992 affected 12 million people Flood in August 1992 affected 6 million people Flood in August 1976 affected 5 million people

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Business Strategy - Essay Example Particularly when companies like the Wal-Mart are involved in this industry, a detailed study provides an idea on the journey of the company where the customer satisfaction meant to play a primary role in the success of any company. The study has tried to consider the initial stages when the concept of discount retailing was not attractive among the customers, thus determining the initial status and strategies of the Wal-Mart Company. Thus an understanding of the company’s position and threats in the industry in the 1950s has been conducted through the study. Also, the learning determines the manner in which the company has been able to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. This involves the business strategies that the company focused on including the level of customer satisfaction. The success of the company also depends on the ability of the company to manage its sustainability and thus the company’s stand in this context is also significant for the partic ular study. Lastly, the company’s entry into the German and the UK market would also reflect on the company’s reasons for success at one location while failure in another. Thus the study has been focused to have a complete overview on the Wal-Mart Company and its strategies from the early times till the present times reflecting on the ability of the company to gain and sustain its success. Case Analysis- Wal-Mart 2. Attractiveness of the discount retailing industry in the USA when Wal-Mart first began operations in the 1950s: 2.1. Introduction: The existence of the discount retailing stores can be traced back to the 1940s and the starting of the 1950s. The purpose of these stores was to serve the families of those children who were born after...Wal-Mart is a leading retail store known to perform in the discount retailing industry providing with a wide range of consumer products (Discount Stores, 2011). 2.2. Discount Retailing Industry in the USA in the 1950s: To understand the attractiveness of the discount retailing industry in the 1950s and early 1960s, the use of Porter’s Five Forces (Jia, 2007, p.1) would be useful. Considering the rivalry factor, studies from the case study as well as other sources reveal that the introduction of the discount retail stores in the 1950s led to severe opposition from other retail companies and stores that were small in size. Issues relating to the closing of small shops, or lesser employment opportunities were considered to be the consequences of the discount retail stores being introduced (Jia, 2007, p.1). Although Wal-Mart started its operations during this period of time, but there were other market players creating competitions for the company, like Target and K-Mart (Guillame, 2011). 2.3. Threats from new entrants: According to this force, a company might have threats from other companies that may wish to enter the market on seeing a company having high returns in a particular location. Thus the level of competition tends to increase (Ahlstrom & Bruton, 2009, p.133).

Koalin Loess(Glacier&Periglacial landscapes) Essay

Koalin Loess(Glacier&Periglacial landscapes) - Essay Example a terrain: A terrane is a crustal block or fragment that preserves a distinctive geologic history that is different from the surrounding areas and that is usually bounded by faults. Accreted terranes are those that become attached to a continent as a result of tectonic processes. In more elaborate words, it is a large geographical feature, often a mountain range, that geomorphologists believe was once a group of islands that sat on one tectonic plate that was being subducted under a continental plate. When the part of the plate on which the islands rode began to be subducted, the islands jammed up the subduction zone and the plate behind it broke. As a result, the islands became attached to the side of the continent. As this happened again and again, the island arc became an inland mountain range. The Himalayas ,according to the modern theory of plate tectonics, was formed as a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. This is referred to as a fold mountain. The collision began in the Upper Cretaceous period about 70 million years ago, when the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate, moving at about 15 cm per year, collided with the Eurasian Plate. About 50 million years ago, this fast moving Indo-Australian plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sinking to the floor. The Indo-Australian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards. The Indo-Australian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the

Sustainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Sustainable Development - Essay Example This paper will review the current state of sustainability literature. Secondly, Harrison’s framework will be outlined. Next, the differences in approach to sustainability by two UK organizations will be detailed. The implications of these theories in regard to ecological education will by highlighted. Next, the implications of the approaches with regard to Harrison’s theory shall be evaluated in regard to setting international policy of sustainable development. Finally, a conclusion will synthesize the main points of this paper, present recommendations for future research directions, and emphasise the importance for ecological education in 21st century living. Gaining momentum during the early 1970s, the concept and application of environmental literacy has achieved depth and comprehensiveness, and has been adopted into education systems of many industrial and developing nations. This means that a person has the ability to successfully interact with their environment o n a daily basis with a general understanding of how societies and other individuals interact with each other, as well as other parts of the natural world, in a sustainable way. To achieve this awareness and motivation to act requires knowledge, skills and competencies that foster an attitude of environmental consideration in day-to-day lifestyles (Campaign for Environmental Literacy [CFEL], 2005). Humans have been remiss in the application of environmental knowledge and some attribute this to a deep believe within industrial cultures that nature is an object to be used, exploited and profited from. Unfortunately, this mindset

The Last Temptation of Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Last Temptation of Christ - Essay Example The plot of the movie revolves around the life of Jesus Christ, who moves through his life, fearful of the cross that he is destined to bear. He is given solace and encouragement by his friend and disciple, Judas Iscariot who finally betrays him at his own request. Jesus is constantly fearful and at one point in the movie, he terms fear to be the driving force of the actions that he performs or refuses to perform. Jesus’s social role is talked of in the movie, but as pointed out by the film critic Roger Ebert, the movie is more about the â€Å"inner struggle† that Christ goes through rather than his position as an individual in the society (Ebert). While on the cross, Jesus is tempted to accept the offer of the devil in the guise of a guardian angel. He relents, but the viewer later gets to know that the entire passage was a hallucination, a temptation that Christ is able to overcome as he dies on the cross for the sake of mankind. The social mores of this age are portr ayed accurately in the film. However, the director, Martin Scorsese deviates from the historical accuracies where it suits his artistic purpose. The Jesus that we see in the movie is in keeping with the tradition of the Anglo-Saxon Jesus. This can be seen as an attempt on the part of the director to cast Christ in the mould of a modernist hero who grapples with his own subjectivity. On a close analysis of the movie influences of characters from modernist fiction can be found. Even though one may be able to believe that the other characters are of Israeli origin, it is difficult to believe that of Willem Dafoe. The racial belonging of the other characters too is historically accurate and they infuse a sense of authenticity to the proceedings of the movie. The practice of stoning prostitutes that is depicted in the movie too is an accurate depiction of history. This practiced was consistent with the manner in which gender operated in ancient Rome (the Roman Empire). In these societies , there existed the hypocrisy of the practice of visiting prostitutes who were at the same time, vilified and cast in a bad light. Their occupation was frowned upon; however, as is seen from the number of clients that Mary Magdalene has in the scene where Jesus goes to visit her, their existence was known to everybody. Codes of sexuality in the movie are also accurately shown and Mary Magdalene is able to lead a normal family life only after she is married in a traditional manner to Jesus. One of the most controversial scenes of the movie is the one where Jesus and Mary Magdalene are making love. This, according to the social mores of the period in which this movie is set in, would be completely acceptable, since it is post-marital. This only heightens the level of the hypocrisy that is indulged in by the people of this society when they visit a prostitute. The social position of inferiority that was assigned to women is also obvious from such a depiction. This is again, a historica lly accurate description. The position of women in ancient Rome was not a very high or respectable one. This was especially true in the case of the classes of people who did not belong to the ruling classes. This is the class that Jesus belonged to and this is again obvious from the social customs that he believes in and practices throughout the movie. The historical accuracy that is maintained in these situations enables the viewer of this movie to identify with Christ as a human and not

Family Genogram Family and Consumer Science Essay

Family Genogram Family and Consumer Science - Essay Example The women respect their husband’s decisions but they have control over a lot of things, especially regarding their children. Having dinner together is only one of the many practices that Israeli families have. This tradition helps to make the family intact. Family is central to Israeli life. Raised in an Israeli family, I observed a number of family traditions that are uncommon to other cultures. In my 18 years of existence, I have seen how my parents give importance to our extended family. Coming from ancestors whose history is dimmed by the horrific events of the Holocaust, my parents, especially my mother, have always valued their siblings. They maintained connection with each other despite the geographical distances and preoccupations at work. For instance, my father makes it a point to communicate with his mother and two sisters every day. Every Friday, my grandmother lights up two candles before sunset and prepares dinner for the whole family. We go to our grandmotherâ⠂¬â„¢s house to have the Shabbat dinner where we spend time to get to know other Israelis. Most of my father’s relatives are in Israel; despite this, I and my cousins have established a close relationship by communicating a lot through Facebook. Moreover, we visit our relatives in Israel once a year, which gives me time to bond with my cousins and other relatives. As Lamanna and Riedman (5) claim, my family serves as the â€Å"center of love and support† (5). My parents provide my physical as well as emotional needs. They encourage me and my sister to tell stories at dinnertime but as it is with other teenagers, I feel more comfortable to tell stories to my cousins. My concept of family is that of an extended family composed of my immediate family, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. As a family, I and my cousins openly share our thoughts, dreams and experiences to each other. Although I am also close to my mother, the nature of the Israeli family makes it more c onvenient to open up to my cousins and because I am used to having an extended family, I can tell my cousins secrets and dreams, which I cannot tell my parents. I can relate well to the class discussion about individual and communal values. Our family has communal values that each member should uphold. These communal values which emphasize needs, goals, and identity of the group (Lamanna and Riedman 13) are mostly related to the Jewish culture. Each part of the family or group is important, for every one contributes to the Jewish society and culture. As members of the Jewish society, we have to act based on the values and laws set in our religion. Part of these laws is being a Batz Mitzvah. When I was thirteen, I was declared as a Batz Mitzvah. In the Jewish culture, this means being accountable for one’s actions and decisions, thus, the tradition is similar to considering young people to be in the legal age. At this point, I am expected to act and base my plans and decisions in accordance to our religion. I am not totally rebellious; in fact, I always find it sound to obey my parents because they only want what is best for me but there are times when my personal preferences would disagree with my parents’. Living in the American culture for more than 11 years, I cannot help but be influenced by my environment. Thus, there are times when I want to obtain something, like material things, but my parents would disagree, and

Human resource dimensions and environmental management Research Paper

Human resource dimensions and environmental management - Research Paper Example One element which has broadened the scope of human resources dimensions in business is the amalgamation of corporate social responsibility of businesses towards community, stakeholders, environment, economy and both the internal and external surroundings. Keeping the ethical stance of businesses in mind, human resources now assume greater responsibilities as to foster an environment of trust, ethics, beliefs, norms and values which encourage employees and people involved to go for business practices which are favorable towards the conservation of environment and communities of practice (Jerry 1997). Topic area In achieving the corporate social responsibility objectives, major thrust is placed upon the talent, skills, competencies and abilities of human resources. This is because CSR is a triple bottom line (Economic, social and environmental) and exercising control over CSR initiatives need cooperation, employee involvement, professionalism and alignment between the values of organiz ation and employees (Preuss, Haunschild & Matten 2009). Organizational growth has been long associated with corporate culture and a value system of an organization whereby aspirations and commitments of employees are integrated and attached with that of organization’s sustainability and environmental obligations, both local and global (Chung et al. 2008). Functions of human resources management like recruitment, training and development (Campbell 1990), compensation, employee engagement, retention, promotion, appraisal and others define the way and roadmap of how an organization intends to comply with its CSR initiatives. The nexus of CSR and HRM dimensions has gained immense popularity and strategic attention in business world because HRM is considered to be the driving force behind proper CSR initiatives planning and implementation (Inyang, Awa & Enuoh 2011). This forms the basis of this research whereby connections and linkages between CSR and HRM will be studied in detail and insights developed as to how HRM could serve as the framework for applying CSR principles in an organization (Melynyte & Ruzevicius 2008) (Figure 1 below). Figure 1 Research question The research in particular attempts to identify the role of HRM dimensions in CSR initiatives of an organization. Organizations are generally associated with perpetual existence. However, this research will specifically try to analyze the bonding between CSR, sustainability and HRM dimensions in case of major sports and cultural events like Commonwealth Games and Olympics. This is chosen because in the case of organizations, long term planning is involved and concerns and CSR issues can be taken care of appropriately. However, in the planning and delivery of such colossal events, temporary completion and success often leads to ignorance of CSR objectives and management authorities generally deviate from their ethical stance and become the target of much criticism (Jackson and Selivler 1990). As suc h, the research seeks to address the following questions: 1. What HRM practices are generally adopted while planning from events such as Olympics, World Cups and Commonwealth games? 2. How the element of sustainability is incorporated and implemented in planning and delivering such events? 3. What is the role of human resource dimensions in exercising full control over the CSR initiatives of management authorities of these events? 4. How improvements or alterations in human resource di

Comparison of the foreign policy decision making by the United States Essay

Comparison of the foreign policy decision making by the United States and Germany on the example of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF - Essay Example 1. Foreign Policy Decision Making of the US 1.1 Constitutional Conditions By virtue of his constitutional prerogatives, as set up in Article II, Section 1 and 2 of the US Constitution, the President of the United States is the nation’s chief executive and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, as well as is granted the power to make treaties with foreign nations, â€Å"by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate†¦ provided two thirds of the Senators concur† (Clause 2). This postulate not only outlines the presidential powers in regard to foreign policy decision making, but also gives the Senate quite a passable share in that process by requiring Senate approval and confirmation of any treaty before it comes into effect. However, the President is allowed to enter into â€Å"presidential or sole executive agreements† concluded on the basis of his constitutional authority in regard to Article II, Section 1, Section 2, Clause 1 and Clause 2, as well as Se ction 3 of the Constitution (Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress 4). In addition to his control over the military forces, the President has the authority to deploy them at his discretion – in other words to wage war – while the Congress is empowered to declare war, and to raise and support armies, as well as to provide and maintain navy, which alongside the control of funding the military provides another way of keeping the executive branch in check (Constitution of the United States, Article I, Section 8, Clauses 11, 12, 13). Under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, the Congress is additionally empowered to â€Å"make all Laws which shell be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers† (Clause 18), which clause enables the legislature to use any reasonable means to put the powers in question into action, and authorizes the Congress to enact legislation necessary to carry out the powers of the other branches as we ll (Constitution of the US, Article I, Section 8, Explanation). This division of the war powers had repeatedly been put to the test in Korea, Vietnam and other places, where the US were involved in a number of intense conflicts without any declaration of war. That had provoked congressmen’s concern and a national argument over the meaning of these powers and the erosion of congressional authority to decide whether and when the United States should be involved in a war. As a consequence, both the House of Representatives and Senate passed the War Powers Resolution (Public Law 93-148) which, although being vetoed by the President Nixon, was enacted in 1973. The resolution has been intended to guarantee â€Å"that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities† (War Powers Resolution, Sec. 2a), as well as to stipulate the procedures of consultation, reporting, congressional actio n, etc. in regard to the US involvement into such situations. 1.2. Participating Institutions As seen from above, the institutions all-important in the process of creation (decision making) and implementation of U.S. foreign

Mother Teresa Essay Example for Free

Mother Teresa Essay Mother Teresa was determined to help as many poor and homeless people as possible. She was always thinking of the many people in need. Everyone said about her â€Å"either move out of her way or help the poor.† They said that because she was always helping the poor and she wouldn’t let anyone or anything get in her way. She never cared about herself getting sick, all she cared about was the people in need. The reason why I want to be like Mother Teresa is because I want to make a difference in people’s lives just like she did. Also, I want to be like her because she was always thinking of others. Mother Teresa was very ambitious because she never rested until all of her patients were comforted because she saw the face of Jesus in all of them. God talked to Mother Teresa a lot. Once when she was on a train she heard God say to her, â€Å"get off the train and help the people in need.† So she did. She would always obey God’s orders. Whenever a person came up to her to ask for help she would help them with anything like if they needed food, care, or help with anything she was always there. That is another reason why I want to be like Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa is very worthy of imitation. Every day of Mother Teresa’s life since she became a nun, she was working with people. Mother Teresa served the poorest of the poor for over 45 years. Thanks to Mother Teresa, now there are many places for the homeless, poor, the unwanted, and lots more. Pope John Paul II said â€Å" Mother Teresa marked the history of our century with courage. She served all human beings by promoting their dignity and respect, and made those who had been defeated by life feel the tenderness of God.†

Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy Comparison Essay Example for Free

Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy Comparison Essay Philosophy is a vast subject area to talk about. It is already known that philosophy involves the way people think about different things and how we questions things around us. The primary goal of philosophy is to obtain knowledge. To get and understanding of knowledge and question knowledge is what philosophy is all about. Philosophy has been studied by philosophers for years and every philosopher has his or her own take on what philosophy means to them. Sometimes there are agreements and sometimes there are disagreements within the philosophy community but with the debates being raised goes the rise to the knowledge that exists in philosophy. Through studies and debates philosophers have found that there are many different types of philosophy. Three very important types of philosophy are moral, social, and political philosophy. These three philosophy types are examined over and over by many philosophers. There is a lot of insight that can be learned by all three philosophy types. To get a more insight into moral, social and political philosophy one must compare and contrast the differences and similarities in the three types. Moral philosophy is the philosophical study of moral judgments- value judgments about what is virtuous or base, just or injust, morally right or wrong, morally good or bad or evil, ,morally improper or proper. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) For example, if you see an older lady with a lot of groceries in her hand then one would say it would be morally right to help the woman with her groceries. So it would be morally right to help those that are in need of help. Many philosophers study this type of moral philosophy. Asking questions about what makes something wrong or right morally. There are also three different ideas about morals which are skepticism, relativism, and subjectivism. Skepticism would be when people feel that having moral knowledge is not humanly possible. Basically we do not know what moral standards are. This means that any thing goes and there is no right or wrong belief. Relativism is the fact that different cultures have different beliefs and have differences on what is morally right or wrong. Subjectivist basically is what is right or wrong depending on what you might believe as an individual person. Within moral philosophy there is also the use of egoism which is putting your self-interest in front of everything else. The pursuit of pleasure is hedonism. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) Knowing how to seek put pleasure and embracing it is a description of this type of moral philosophy. There is also what is called social philosophy which goes hand in hand with moral philosophy. In social philosophy we bring up questions about social behavior. Basically how is the behavior of a person in different social settings? The legitimacy of different laws socially and the breakdown of revolution. There is the break down of social questions when it comes to things like demographics, culture, and science. Social philosophy helps with understanding changes and different patterns within societies. Then you have what is called political philosophy. This means finding the best form of political existence. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) It helps give an understanding to the nature of political relationships and also authority. This means that there are questions rose like How do you determine whether someone is to go to jail or pay a fine? Such questions like that tap into the political environment of philosophy. In political philosophy it is said that the philosopher Aristotle was an ethical naturalist and because of that he was sometimes viewed as the source of natural law political theory. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) That means that there a questions are answered through natural law which is suppose to determine right or wrong. In political philosophy there are four kinds of law which are eternal law, divine law, natural law, and human law. Now eternal law is the idea that God rules over everything and divine law puts people in the direction of his or her supernatural goal which is eternal joy. Natural law is the eternal law God which could be described as happiness on earth or the natural goal of man. Last, human law is the laws that are made through the thoughts and ideas of man. These all show different aspects of political philosophy. Different rights one would have come along the lines of political philosophy. In conclusion, the depth of philosophy goes far beyond each of our understanding and that is why studying the different aspects of philosophy gives those better insights into things that are questioned. Moral philosophy deals with what is morally right or wrong in different individuals eyes. Social philosophy deals with the social aspect of questioning social ideas and changes. Whether it is laws, science, culture, or demographics, these ideas can bring forth socially motivated questions. Last, political philosophy deals with the different political questions of what is right and wrong and how we determine this through political questioning. All three of these political philosophies are dissected through constant study and debate on what is really the basis of philosophy. Reference:Moore, B. N. , Bruder, K. (2005(. Philosophy: The Power of Ideas (6th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill (Packaged with PowerWeb). Retrieved: January 14, 2009.

The Ofcom As A Super Regulator Media Essay

The Ofcom As A Super Regulator Media Essay Introduction The broadcasting culture and the Ofcom regulatory framework enshrine the freedom of broadcasters to choose topics they want to cover in the programmes they broadcast and in appropriate manner. Whilst the broadcasters have the right to hold opinions and impart information and ideas to their audiences without interference, the audiences are also entitled to receive those ideas and opinions. With reference to this, the essay (a) critically discusses the challenges and potential pitfalls that the Ofcom Broadcasting Code (the Code) presents for sports broadcasters and assesses Ofcoms powers of enforcement should a breach of the Code occur; and (b) assesses the extent to which the content of the Code is shaped and influenced by the law and policy of the European Union. After considering the Ofcom as a super regulator, the essay identifies the major principles and rules of the Code. This is followed by an examination of the challenges and potential pitfalls that the Code presents for sports broadcasters. The essay goes to assess the Ofcoms powers of enforcement where there is a breach of the Code. Finally, the essay assesses the extent to which the content of the Code has been shaped and influenced by the law and policy of the European Union. a) The Ofcom as a super regulator Before 2005 there were various regulators, such as the Broadcasting Standards Commissions (BSC), the Independent Television Commission (ITC) and the Radio Authority (RA), which regulated the exploitation of media rights. The net result was that many anomalies arose by virtue of the changing roles of those platforms (Verow, Lawrence and McCormick, 2005:324). The Ofcom was formally established on 29 December 2003 under the Communications Act 2003 as the United Kingdoms super regular to oversee all regulation in the media and communication sectors. In terms of broadcasting regulatory functions, it takes over the BSC, ITC and the RA. The creation of the Ofcom has rapidly changed the structure of television regulation in the United Kingdom (Carey, 2010:242). The Code Section 319 of the Communications Act 2003 entrusts the Ofcom with the power to set and revise a code for the standards of contents of radio and television programmes. The Ofcom has revised the Code on various occasions. The most recent version of the Code took effect on 28  February 2011. It covers all programmes broadcasted on or after 28 February 2011. It applies to radio and television content in services licensed by the Ofcom.  With the exception of the BBC, the Sianel Pedwar Cymru (S4C) and the S4C Digital, all United Kingdoms broadcasters must have the appropriate licence in order to operate a broadcasting service. All Ofcom licensees as well as the BBC and the S4C are required to comply with the Code. The Code governs, among other things, standards and practice in programme content, advertising and programme sponsorship. Section 1 of the Code requires broadcasters to protect those under the age of 18 by providing rules on scheduling and content information. Television broadcasters must observe the 21:00 watershed. The watershed does not apply to radio broadcaster, but a particular regard must be made to times when children are likely to be listening. Section 1 also curbs, among other things, violence, dangerous behaviour as well as offensive language appearing before the watershed or in an inappropriate context. In addition, section 1 insists on broadcasters to take care over the physical and emotional welfare of and the dignity of people under 18 who take part or are involved in programmes. Section 2 requires broadcasters to apply accepted standards to the contents of television and radio services in order to provide adequate protection for the public from the inclusion of harmful and/or offensive material in such services. Programmes must not include material which condones or glamorises violence, dangerous, or anti-social behaviour or is likely to encourage others to copy such behaviour. Section 3 requires broadcasters to, among others things, protect member of the public from the inclusion of harmful and/offensive materials, such as offensive language, distress, and discriminatory treatment or language. Section 4 requires broadcasters to exercise proper degree of responsibility with respect to the content of religious programmes. Section 5 provides for due impartiality and due accuracy and under prominence of views and opinions. Broadcaster must report news, in whatever form, with due accuracy and present them with due impartiality. Any mistake must be acknowledged and corrected immediately. Viewers must be made aware of what they are seeing. If a presenter gives a personal view or makes an authored programme, this must be made clear and alternative viewpoints adequately represented, either in the programme or in series of programme should be taken as a whole. Section 6 deals with elections and referendums by requiring impartiality to be strictly maintained in constituency reports. Section 7 requires broadcasters avoid unjust or unfair treatment of individuals or organisations in programmes. For example, if a team coach is approached for a post-match interview and refuses to appear, the broadcast should make clear that s/he has chosen not to appear and should give their explanation if it would be unfair not t o do so. Section 8 requires broadcasters to avoid any unwarranted infringement of privacy in programmes and in connection with obtaining material included in the programmes. Any infringement of privacy should be warranted. Sections 9 and 10 of the Code are most relevant provisions to sports broadcasting. Section 9 deals with commercial references in television programming. Section 10 deals commercial referencing in radio programming. The BBC, S4C and S4C Digital are not Ofcom licensees and, therefore, not subject to sections 9. However, they are subject to the legislation on listed events and, therefore, the regulations on listed events as set out in the relevant provisions of the Code. Section 9 requires broadcasters to maintain independent editorial control over programming. It also obliges broadcasters to ensure the distinction of editorial content from advertising. It prohibits surreptitious advertising which makes reference to a product, service or trade mark within a programme with the intention to advertise without making this clear to the audience. Section 9 provides rules for the sponsorship of television programmes. It provides regulations relating to, among others things, prohibited sponsors and the format and content of the sponsors credit. This is often referred to as a sponsor bumper or billboard (Lewis and Taylor, 2009:1239). Section 9 provides that the purpose of the sponsor credit should be simply to inform viewers that the relevant programme is sponsored and who the sponsor is. Therefore, section 9 requires the credit not to contain advertising messages or calls to action to viewers and to be kept separate from commercial breaks and from the programming itself. Accordingly, section 9 permits credits at the beginning and/or end of the programme and going into and coming out of commercial breaks. However, section 9 does not specify limits as to the permitted duration or number of sponsor credits. Section 9 simply indicates that, for these purposes, undue performance should not be given to a sponsor and credits within programme trailers should remain brief and secondary. Radio and television broadcasting are subject to different legislative requirements and terminology. Therefore, section 10 of the Code contains specific rules to radio broadcasting. The fundamental principle in section 10 is to ensure the transparency of commercial communications as a means to secure consumer protection. Viewers must not be misled. There has to be transparency and editorial independence. Advertising products has to be kept separate from the content of programmes. Challenges and pitfalls of the Code for sports broadcasters Sports broadcasters should be free to choose sporting events they want to cover in their sport broadcasting programmes. This principle underlines the broadcasting culture and the regulatory framework in which the Ofcom operates. However, the right to choose sporting events to broadcast is subject competition rules, intellectual property law as well as human rights. Television broadcasting is the most frequently area the competition authorities have been involved in the business of the sport. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) and the European Commission have scrutinised arrangements that appeared to restrict market competition in the market for the acquisition of premium sports contents. Broadcasting organisations are subject to Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty for the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The grant of exclusive rights for sport broadcasting can have implications on the freedom of other broadcasters to choose sporting events they would like to cover in their sports broadcasting programmes. However, the grant of exclusive rights is not per se contrary to the EU competition law. This is particularly the case in relation to the audiovisual industry where exclusivity may, in fact, have pro-competitive effects. The OFT has investigated allegations of BSkyB abusing its dominant position in its exclusive right to broadcast certain live sporting events by exerting an anti-competitive margin squeeze on its rivals, pricing its channels, and giving anti-competitive discounts to distributors (OFT, 2002). The OFT found that BSkyB was dominant in, among others, the wholesale supply of certain premium sports. Since the being dominant does not infringe competition rules, the OFT considered whether BSkyB had abused its dominant position in relation to margin squeeze, mixed bundling and discounts and found that that there was no abuse of its dominant position. In order to transmit  sports  content, sports broadcasters need a prior consent or authorisation from theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °sports  organisation running the event in question, since they are the owners of the sports  content. English law does not recognise the existence of proprietary rights in a sports event per se. However, this does not mean that such rights do not exist. Instead, those rights are created, exploited and protected not as sui generis rights, but by virtue of the application in combination of principles of real property law, contract law and intellectual property law. Many sports rights including broadcasting rights are predicated on the event organiser having exclusive control over access to the venue at which the sports event is held. Under English law, sports broadcasting rights consist of a license to enter the venue, film the proceedings and transmit the resulting footage to the public (Arnold, 2001:51). Section 1 of the Copyright, Design and Patent Act 1988 (CDPA) provides that copyright subsists in, among others, broadcasts and cable programmes. Section 2(1) confer upon the owner of copyright in a work exclusive right to, among others, broadcast the work or make it available to the public by electronic transmission. For broadcasts, the copyright is owned by the maker of the broadcast (CDPA, s. 12). Copyright underpins the enormous industry that surrounds the creation and broadcast of audiovisual images of sports events. Sound recordings include player interviews, audio files, and tapes of radio broadcast. Films encompass audiovisual footage of sports events and news conferences, training sessions and player interviews, interspersed with coverage of pundits. Therefore, whilst there may not be any copyright inherent in a sporting performance per se, if that performance is recorded on audio and/or video-tape, that recording and its subsequent communication to the public by broadcast or electronic transmission will be protected by copyright. This means that the freedom of broadcasters to choose what sports events to cover in their sports programmes is restricted as they cannot broadcast copyrighted sporting material as this will amount to copyright infringement. However, the CPDA permits a present assignment of future copyright which takes place as soon as the copyright work to which it relates is created. For example, the BBC records and broadcasts coverage of a Premier League football match, then in the absence of such an assignment the owner of the copyright in the signal would be the BBC. However, in its broadcasting agreement with the BBC, the Premier League will have taken an assignment of copyright in the signal from the BBC and lice nsed back to the BBC the right to incorporate the signal into the BBC programming for specific number of times during the term of the agreement. Further, sport news access is effected through the use of the fair dealing exception in the CDPA. The provision allows for the copyright material to be used without the permission of the copyright owner where it acknowledges the rights holder and the use is appropriate in terms of the importance of the event. Further,  broadcasters  in the United Kingdom have adopted a News Accessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Code  of Practice, which provides regulation of the use of sports  footage in terms of the programmes in which it is used and the length of extract that is appropriate. In the BBC v British Satellite  Broadcasting (BSB) [1991] 3 All E.R. 833, BSB tested the fair dealing concept during the 1990 World Cup by extensively using extracts of footage to which exclusive broadcast rights had been acquired by BBC and ITV. The question was whether the use of the BBCs broadcasts constituted fair dealing for the purpose of reporting current events under the CDPA. The court found in favour of B SB and as a result of this case, the major  broadcasters  drew up the News Access Code  of Conduct. According to the Code, broadcasters have the right to hold opinions and impart information and ideas to their audiences without any interference and audiences are also entitled to receive those ideas and opinions. However, the licensed broadcasters are also required to comply with the standards set out in the Code. These include standards which protect members of the public from offensive and/or harmful material. However, this may pose a challenge to sports broadcasters, particularly where the fans chant offensive and/or harmful material, including discriminatory language or invade the pitch. There is also an ever-increasing use of foul language by players on live football matches due to frustration or being angry when decisions go against their teams. Besides this, it is worth noting incidents, such as the infamous clothes malfunction in the 2004 Super Bowl between Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson with estimated 6.6 million children from age two to eleven were watching when Janet Jackson exposed her right breast to the audience (Thornton, Champion and Ruddel, 2011:75). In addition, the standards set out in the Code must be applied in a manner which best guarantees an appropriate level of freedom of expression. This is because the Code takes into account the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) as well as the European Convention on Human Rights (Convention) (Ofcom, 2011:2). The right to freedom of expression in Article 10 of the Convention encompasses the right of the audiences to receive creative material, information and ideas without interference but subject to restriction prescribed by law and necessary in a democratic society. Further, consideration must also be made to Article 8 of the Convention on the right to a persons private and family life, home and correspondences. The Ofcom has also taken into account Article 9 (freedom of thought, conscience and religion) and Article 14 (the right to enjoyment of human rights without discrimination on grounds such as sex, race and religion). In R. (on the application of Gaunt) v Office of Communications (OFCOM) [2011] EWCA Civ 692, the court held that the provisions of the Code had to be interpreted, and applied in particular cases, in compliance with Article 10 of the Convention. The appellant radio presenter appealed against a decision of the High Court dismissing his application for judicial review of a finding by the defendant Ofcom that a broadcast interview conducted by him breached the Code. The Ofcom had found the language used by the presenter and the manner in which he treated his interviewee had the potential to cause offence to many listeners contrary to the Code. The High Court held that the Ofcoms finding was not a disproportionate interference with the presenters right to freedom of expression as the offensive and abusive nature of the broadcast was gratuitous and had no factual context or justification. Dismissing his appeal, the Court of Appeal held that when deciding whether the interview offended the Code, the interview had to be considered as a whole and in its context. When the presenters extremely aggressive tone, his constant interruptions, his insults, his ranting, the consequent lack of any substantive content, and the time for which the interview was allowed to run on were combined, it was clear that Ofcom was right to conclude that there had been a breach of the Code. It was impossible to accept the contention that the publication of the Ofcom finding, which contained no sanction other than the stigma of the publication of an adverse finding by a statutory regulator, represented an interference with the presenters right to freedom of expression under Article 10 of the Convention. The fact that the topic covered by the interview was of public interest was of limited force once the contents of the interview were considered. The Code does not address all issues which could arise in sports broadcasting. As a result, sports broadcasters may face a number of individual situations which the Code does not specifically refer to. It contains some examples, but they are not exhaustive. However, the principles set out in the Code make it clear that the Code is designed to achieve and help broadcasters make the necessary judgements (Ofcom, 2011:6). Sports broadcasters can make programmes about any sport issue they choose, but they must at all times ensure that the programmes comply not only with the general law, but also with the Code. The Ofcom may provide general guidance to sports broadcasters on the interpretation of the Code. However, neither such advice will affect Ofcoms discretion to decide on cases and complaints after the programme has been broadcasted nor the exercise of its regulatory responsibilities (Ofcom, 2011:6). There may be problems of differentiating between user generated contents (UGC) and professional contents offered on UGC platforms. There may also be blurring boundaries between audiovisual media services provided by sports newspapers and sports channel websites as well as online newspapers and sports news portals. A service fall outside the Authority for Television On-Demand (ATVOD) if the video content appears as integral part of online version of newspaper, for example, alongside a text based story. However, the audiovisual content on a website will fall within scope of the ATVOD if it constitutes a consumer destination in its own right and the content can be viewed and enjoyed without reference to the publication offering. There have been challenges against ATVOD determinations for qualifying video services as on-demand programme service (ODPS). In February 2011, the ATVOD held that the  Sun Video  section of  The Sun  website was an ODPS within the meaning of section 368A of the Communications Act 2003 and should have been notified to and regulated by the ATVOD as such (Lewis, 2012). According to section 368A, to be an ODPS, a service must fulfil five criteria. These are that the principal purpose of the service should be to provide programmes which their form and content are comparable to TV-like services, must be accessible on-demand, there must be a person responsible for editorial, it is made available for use by members of the public, and it is within the United Kingdoms jurisdiction. ATVOD has the power to decide which services constitute an ODPS and to provide guidance on the matter. Any exercise of ATVODs power is subject to appeal to Ofcom. The Suns owners, News Group, appealed to the Ofcom based on the first criterion that the principal purpose of the service was to provide programmes the form and content of which were comparable to TV-like services. It further argued that the  Sun Video  section was part and parcel of the whole site, which was an integrated offering. The ATVODs view was that the  Sun Video  section of  The Sun  website was an ODPS. In applying the five ODPS criteria, the ATVOD looked at the  Sun Video  section of  The Sun  website as a service in its own right and then applied the five ODPS criteria to that section. The Ofcom upheld the News Groups appeal, setting aside ATVODs decision and replacing it with its own. The Ofcom said that it was important to consider the whole of what is provided in order to determine whether there was any audiovisual material on the website whose  principal purpose  was to provide TV-like programmes. It set out a two-part test which it used and said should be used when assessing whether a service is an ODPS. The test comprises what Ofcom referred to as the principal purpose part and the comparability part of the test. With regard to the principal purpose part of the test, Ofcom said that where audiovisual content is provided together with other contents one all of the material in context must be looked at. Thus, it necessary to consider whether, taken as a whole, the audiovisual material forms part of a service whose principal purpose is to provide that audiovisual material, or is simply ancillary to the provision of some other service. If the answer to the fi rst test is in the affirmative, the question under the comparability test should be whether the audiovisual material is comparable to TV-like programmes. The Ofcom decided that the principal purpose test was not satisfied, but did not go further to analyse the comparability test. Ofcom provided some examples of characteristics of a service that its principal purpose could be said to provide audiovisual material. These include (a) the service having its own homepage; (b) the videos being catalogued and accessed separately; (c) the videos being presented and/or marketed as a TV channel; (c) the duration of the videos is substantially longer; (d) little or no linkage between the videos and other material; (e) where the service provides both written and audiovisual material, the audiovisual material is significantly more than the written material, the written is brief or introduces the audiovisual material, and the videos are the primary means of conveying to users the information they are seeking; and (f) the videos are ancillary to, or enhance, a non-audiovisual service. The Ofcom applied these tests holding that the aim of the  Sun Video  section was to collate and supplement the content from the rest of the website.   No part of the website was a servic e whose principal purpose was the provision of TV-like programmes. The Ofcoms decision could be seen as a victory for the operators of similar sites, particularly for online newspapers and magazines that are rich in video content. However, such sites may still be caught by ATVODs regulatory regime in future. A website providing a mixture of videos and written content  could  be deemed an ODPS. The Sun Videos displayed some ODPS features and fulfilled a number of the characteristics suggested by Ofcom which satisfied the principal purpose test, but on balance, the Ofcom held that  Sun Video  did not do so sufficiently to make it an ODPS. The Ofcom said that there was no blanket exclusion for newspaper websites. The Ofcoms powers of enforcement of the Code The Ofcom neither previews programmes nor requires advance schedule information (Carey, 2010:243). The broadcasters are responsible to ensure that the material broadcast does not offend against the (Carey, 2010:243. It enforces the Code by means of a condition in every licence requiring observance and adherence to the Code. It has published on its website the procedures for investigating complaints and the application of statutory sanctions to broadcasters (Ofcom, 2011).  The Ofcom may impose statutory sanctions against a broadcaster who has breached the Code deliberately, seriously or repeatedly. However, the Ofcom often issues directions to the licensee not to repeat the programme in question, or to broadcast the correction or a statement of Ofcoms findings. Other breaches of the Code may be penalised in fines and, in most extreme cases, forfeit of the licence. The maximum financial penalty for commercial television or radio licensees is  £250,000 or 5% of the broadcasters qual ifying revenue, whichever is the greater. For the BBC, the maximum financial penalty payable is  £250,000. In 2008, the Ofcom fined MTV Networks Europe  £255,000 for widespread and persistent breaches of the Code (repeated  broadcast  of blatantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °foulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °language  before the 21.00 watershed) in respect of its certain channels (Lewiston, 2008). In the same year, the Ofcom fined the ITV a total of  £5,675,000 for what it considered to be the worst breaches of the Code it has ever come across. The breaches related to the use of premium rate telephone lines in some of the broadcasters programmes. The fine is the highest ever imposed by Ofcom and reflected not only the seriousness of the ITVs failures, but also their repeated nature (Hughes, 2008:162). However, the failure of the Ofcom to fine the ITV anywhere near five per cent of its qualifying advertising revenue has been criticised in some quarters for sending out the wrong signal (Hughes, 2008:162). In 2011, the Government has proposed to reform the appeals process under section 192 of the Communications Act 2003 for Ofcom regulatory decisions by introducing an enhanced form of judicial review that would, for the first time in statutory history, allow consideration of the merits of Ofcom decisions. The Government believes that changing the standard of review would lead to more focused appeals whilst reducing the need for oral and cross examination of factual and expert witnesses. This would result in shorter hearings and more focussed pleadings than is presently the case. However, this would impose constraints on the right of appeal that do not apply to these sectors (McInes, 2011:14). b) The influence of the EU law and policy on the Code The main EU regulation of the sports broadcasting was the EC Directive 89/552/EEC on Television without Frontiers Directive (TWF Directive), as amended by Directive 97/36/EC and by Directive 2007/65/EC on Audio Visual Media Services Directive (AVMS Directive). The Audiovisual Media Services Directive  amended and renamed the TWF Directive by providing less detailed but more flexible regulation. It also modernised TV advertising rules  to better finance audiovisual content. The aims of the original TWF Directive were to harmonise television broadcasting law throughout the European Union, including by way of establishing minimum requirements relating to the protection of minors, rules on advertising as well as the encouragement of production of European works (Lewis and Taylor, 2009:1239). However, dated back to 1989, the TWF Directive dealt only with traditional television services. However, the advances of technology since its first implementation have been so vast that it became increasingly in need of updating to provide harmonised regulations to all forms of audiovisual services regardless of the type of technology used to deliver them (Lewis and Taylor, 2009:1239; Wardade, 2009:336). Consequently, the AVMS Directive was adopted in December 2007 requiring Member States to implement it within two years (AVMS Directive, Art. 3). The AVMS Directive provided two ties of regulation, depending on whether the audiovisual service was scheduled broadcast or on demand. It sought to be less restrictive for on demand services on the basis that the consumer had greater control over what it pulled down as opposed to scheduled which are received passively if a viewer switches on to a particular channel (Ridgway, 2008:110; McEneaney, 2008: 60). The Code took into account a number of requirements relating to television in the TWF Directive, as amended by AVMS Directive. However, by the time the AVMS Directive was implemented at the national level, it had already been superseded by technological developments (Wardade, 2009:341). Thus, the  TWF Directive and  its amendments has been repealed by Directive 2010/13/EU) on Audiovisual Media Services (AMS Directive), which came into force  on 5 May 2010. The AMS Directive was implemented in the United Kingdom by the Audiovisual Media Services (Codification) Regulations 2010, which came into force on 18 August 2010. Extracts of the AMS Directive can be found in Appendix 2 of the Broadcasting Code. The Code brings into effect certain provisions from the AMS Directive. Prior to the introduction of regulations to implement the AVMS Directive, product placement in programmes was expressly prohibited on scheduled television services. However, there was no regulation on on-demand services in the United Kingdom at all. The AMS Directive has relaxed the rules on product placement on on-demand services. The AMS Directive was implemented in the United Kingdom in February 2010 by Audiovisual Media Services (Codification) Regulations 2010). Article 11 of the AMS Directive permits product placement under certain circumstances. Firstly, the AMS Directive requires the responsibility and the editorial independence of the media service provider to remain unaffected.   This attempts to balance the free movement of services within the European Union and the need to ensure a high level of public health, consumer and child protection (Garde, 2011:92). The Ofcom has implemented Article 11 of the AMS Directive by revising section 9 of the Code which came into force on 28 February 2011. Rule 9.8 provides that product placement must not influence the content and scheduling of a programme in a way that affects the responsibility and editorial independence of the broadcaster. Secondly, the AMS Directive requires that programmes with product placement not to directly encourage the purchase or the rental of the placed goods or services. Rule 9.9 of the Code implements this more broadly by providing that references to placed products, services and trade marks should not be promotional. Thirdly, the AMS Directive requires programmes containing product placement not to give undue prominence to placed products, services or trade marks. Rules 9.5 and 9.10 of the Code implements this by further specifying that two factors may be indicative of undue prominence, namely the presence of, or reference to, a product, service or trade mark in programming where there is no editorial justification; or the manner in which a product, service or trade mark appears or is referred to in programming. Further, the AMS Directive requires viewers to be clearly informed of the existence of product placement and that the programmes with product placement should be identified at the start and the end of the programme, and when a programme resumes after an advertising break so as to avoid confusing audiences. Rule 9.14 of the Code implements the information requirement laid down in the AVMS Directive. On 14 February 2010, the Ofcom disclosed the two versions of the universal neutral logo which is used to inform viewers of the existence of product placement on television and the rules surrounding its use. The Rule 9.11 of the Code reproduces the requirements of article 11(4) of the AMS Directive by prohibiting the placement of cigarettes and tobacco products and prescription-only medicines. However, rule 9.13 extends the list by banning the placement of alcoholic drinks, foods or drinks high in fat, salt or sugar, gambling; infant formula, all medicinal products, c

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Education Teachers Classroom Essays

Teaching Philosophy Statement There are people in our lives who help shape and mold us to be a unique individual. These people help define who we are and sculpture us in becoming what we want to be. They inspire us to give all we have, and tell us not only to reach for the stars but the moon its self. These people are teachers. As early as grade school there have been teachers that have had positive concerns in my academic learning, and it had an influential effect on me creating a desire to do the same for others. They showed me what it’s like to care, give confidence and support to a student. My 7th grade Social Studies teacher made her classroom feel like time suspended and you were on another planet. She was so knowledgeable and excited about our lesson topics that it motivated me to excel in her class and she gave me a zeal for learning. Teaching is a dream and goal of mine. I want to be helpful in a child’s discovery that learning is power. I want to be a positive influence and an upstanding role model for my students. There are numerous reasons why I want a career as a teacher. The main reasons are: to help a child achieve their full potential, to give support that will strengthen a child’s confidence, and inspire them to fulfill their dreams that help them become productive citizens of society. A teacher can help shape a child's future with praise, challenge, guidance, encouragement, confidence, a smile, and an opportunity to learn and have a positive outlook on life. There is no greater reward than seeing a child's face light up when they realize that they have mastered a task by themselves. When a child feels the full potential they possess within themselves their confidence builds. They are able to see how the future can be if they apply their mind to any task. It’s an honor to help a child mold its future and for me there is no greater goal than being a teacher. I know that from my education classes I can learn from the great thinkers of the past.

An Unforgettable Teacher Essay -- The Teacher Who Changed My Life

I remember my fourth grade year as if it were yesterday. My homeroom teacher, Mr. Anderson, would stand at the front of the room each morning at 9:15, and wait patiently for us to say the Pledge of Allegiance. Then, like clockwork, at exactly 9:17, as my class of 28 sat down, he would set up a magic trick, pretending each day that something was going wrong during the set-up. As Mr. Anderson did this, he would often tell us a story that in some way or another related to the magic trick he showed us. Then, as he finished the trick, he would tell us the moral to the story. Â   Now a days I don't have someone there for me constantly saying what I should or should not do. I often find myself in situations in which I must be the one to decide if, for instance, I should go to a party or to the bars, or stay home and concentrate on the massive amounts of homework that have piled up. It is at times like these when Mr. Anderson's words of advice float though my head. The one I hear Mr. Anderson saying most often in the back ...

Soliloquy Essay - Soliloquies of Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Soliloquies in Macbeth Shakespeare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though people in retributive justice feel satisfaction, the perpetrator can also suffer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s powerful Macbeth shows the deterioration of an honourable and respectable general, Macbeth, who becomes a tragic hero after temptations from the witches and his wife to perform murders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth soliloquies enable the audience to experience the conflict within Macbeth and thus, gain an understanding of the reasons for his behavior and decisions. As a result, the tremendous reversal of Macbeth’s fortunes in the end leaves the audience filled not with pity, but also awe, at the realization that people can suffer greatly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth’s soliloquies before the murder of Duncan shows the vigorous internal struggle of himself, as his conscience is fighting against his evil minds. Also, they shows Macbeth has brought his own downfall upon himself. The audience will then feel pity about Macbeth’s deterioration brought by himself when witnessing his choice of following the evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth is a courageous and honourable general in Scotland. His success in the battle against the invaders of Scotland gains respect from the King Duncan and his fellow soldiers. However, the demonic forces, symbolized by three witches, temptates Macbeth. The witches hail Macbeth as the Thane of Glamis and Cawdor who will be king and hail Banquo, who is a nobleman of Scotland and Macbeth’s friend, as one who will become the father of a line of kings. Macbeth ambition deep in his heart starts growing at that time. In Act I, scene iii, when Macbeth is thinking about the fulfillment of the two prophecies given by the witches before, "My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes my single state of man"(I, iii, 139- 140) In this soliloquy, Macbeth reflects his idea about the "two truths" told by the witches. He is   ambitious to become king, as he reacts nervously when the witches mention his fate. The very idea of murder "shakes his single state of man". However, at this point, he is loyal to the king, and he rejects the idea of murder, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir."(I, iii, 143-144) The predictions by the witches may have strengthened the criminal intentions that he had probably never yet dared to express clearly, even to himself. He is not alliance with crime, he is neutral, but obviously temptation is working upon him. Soliloquy Essay - Soliloquies of Shakespeare's Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Soliloquies in Macbeth Shakespeare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though people in retributive justice feel satisfaction, the perpetrator can also suffer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s powerful Macbeth shows the deterioration of an honourable and respectable general, Macbeth, who becomes a tragic hero after temptations from the witches and his wife to perform murders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth soliloquies enable the audience to experience the conflict within Macbeth and thus, gain an understanding of the reasons for his behavior and decisions. As a result, the tremendous reversal of Macbeth’s fortunes in the end leaves the audience filled not with pity, but also awe, at the realization that people can suffer greatly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth’s soliloquies before the murder of Duncan shows the vigorous internal struggle of himself, as his conscience is fighting against his evil minds. Also, they shows Macbeth has brought his own downfall upon himself. The audience will then feel pity about Macbeth’s deterioration brought by himself when witnessing his choice of following the evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth is a courageous and honourable general in Scotland. His success in the battle against the invaders of Scotland gains respect from the King Duncan and his fellow soldiers. However, the demonic forces, symbolized by three witches, temptates Macbeth. The witches hail Macbeth as the Thane of Glamis and Cawdor who will be king and hail Banquo, who is a nobleman of Scotland and Macbeth’s friend, as one who will become the father of a line of kings. Macbeth ambition deep in his heart starts growing at that time. In Act I, scene iii, when Macbeth is thinking about the fulfillment of the two prophecies given by the witches before, "My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes my single state of man"(I, iii, 139- 140) In this soliloquy, Macbeth reflects his idea about the "two truths" told by the witches. He is   ambitious to become king, as he reacts nervously when the witches mention his fate. The very idea of murder "shakes his single state of man". However, at this point, he is loyal to the king, and he rejects the idea of murder, "If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir."(I, iii, 143-144) The predictions by the witches may have strengthened the criminal intentions that he had probably never yet dared to express clearly, even to himself. He is not alliance with crime, he is neutral, but obviously temptation is working upon him.

Why I am ready to be a Non Commissioned Officer? Essay

This impersonal definition defines in a few words what a NCO is ( Kautz. 2001 ) . To me this definition encompasses a whole batch more. Ever since my childhood. I showed leading qualities. As a child. I was more interested in taking my friends in a football game. during some competition or any type of competition alternatively of the humdrum of my scientific discipline. geometry and English linguistic communication books. My parents despaired but I come from a household where every kid is encouraged to happen their ain personal niche and tantrum into society through it. After some clip. even though I was a better than mean pupil started to believe that I would make good in a occupation where I could learn others by illustration and use both my encephalon and muscle. I proudly admit that I am a nationalist. The sight of the Washington Memorial and the White House. both important landmarks of our state have ne'er failed to convey cryings to my eyes ( Winkler. 1998 ) . I believe my state was won after great adversities by our sires and it is our responsibility as its citizens to look after it. And I believe because of both my innate leading qualities and my love for my great states. I am ready to be a Non-commissioned officer. I to the full understand the responsibilities associated with going a NONCOM as it is known in some circles. Non commissioned officers are frequently referred to as the anchor of the armed services and I understand the of import deduction of this definition ( Fisher. 2007 ) . I would hold to be the primary leader for the majority of the enlisted corps. This would intend full duty or what I consider waxy heads ( Salinas. 2008 ) . I pray I can learn them non merely by words but by my illustration. I would hold to be really careful with my each and every measure cognizing that any incorrect measure of mine can non take down my image in the heads of my juniors but besides put my country’s name to dishonor which is something. I being so loyal. may ne'er be able to populate with. I would besides be responsible for put to deathing military missions and developing military forces in order to fix them to put to death their missions. This to me seems an even bigger duty in visible radiation of the recent universe events and the menace to universe peace which many peaceable states face from a minority of extremists. I would hold to be argus-eyed in my responsibilities and seek to fix the male childs for what I know to be tough conditions for them the likes of which most of them can ne'er even conceive of. I will seek to transfuse in their heads that it is non a mere kid of an enemy that we face but a deadly enemy and it is our and or responsibility merely to protect the citizens of our state for them. I besides understand how delicate military missions can be and I will seek through my experience and surveies to do certain that non even one error takes topographic point or at least a error which can set the mission to hazard. I understand that I am besides to be a nexus between the majority of the enlisted forces and the officers in any military organisation. Messenger or concatenation functions as they seem to me are peculiarly really delicate because both of the parties can all of a sudden be at odds with each other over fiddling or apparently everyday issues. I will seek my best to transfuse in the military forces a sense of regard for their higher-ups and for the higher-ups to really care about the well being of their juniors. I have ever believed that the ground forces hierarchy has a certain beauty to it. Where else would we see an ordinary adult male move through different ranks such as Corporal. Sergeant. Staff-Sergeant. Sergeant First Class. Master Sergeant. First Sergeant. Sergeant Major. Command Sergeant Major and Sergeant Major of the Army. To most people. these stations may look really confounding but to me this represents a calling way ( Thompson. 2006 ) . To be an officer of any organisation. non merely the ground forces requires mammoth dedication. unexcelled accomplishments. good instruction and a crisp head. I believe I have all these regardless of my immature age and I am ready to turn out this to the universe. Mentions Kautz. A. ( 2001 ) . Service for Non-Commissioned Officers. Fisher. JR. ( 2007 ) . Guardians of the Republic. Thompson. ( 2006 ) . How Long Is the Night. Salinas. J. ( 2008 ) . All were Valiant Winkler. ( 1998 ) . Future Leader Development of Army Noncommissioned Officers

Lais of Marie de France Essay

Love and Marie de France According to American mythologist, Joseph Campbell, â€Å"The greatest love was during the Medieval Ages, when noble hearts produced a romantic love that transcended lust† (Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth with Bill Moyers [2001]). The Lais of Marie de France are primarily concerned with this idea of love–specifically, courtly love–between a man and a woman. Courtly love, a union modeled after the feudal relationship between a knight and his liege lord, became a popular convention in the 12th century (â€Å"Backgrounds to Romance: ‘Courtly Love’†). Instead of proving loyalty to a lord, the man would have to prove his love to a woman. Marie de France, however, focuses not just on the idea of love, but also on the differing kinds of love that existed in medieval society. She recognizes love as a force that cannot be avoided and that can be executed correctly or incorrectly; not all love is equal. Marie begins her collection of lais with the story of Guigemar, a noble knight who is cursed with the task of finding true love to heal a physical injury. This lay introduces two types of love: selfish and selfless. Selfish love is not courtly love. It lacks devotion and true loyalty. It lacks suffering and self-denial. Marie de France portrays this kind of love in the old husband of the woman whom Guigemar loves. The man locks his wife away in an enclosure guarded by a castrated man. By doing this, the husband shows a mean, limited devotion to his wife; perhaps even worse, he limits her ability to experience true love. This kind of love does not last; in fact, the husband is cuckolded when his wife has a year-long affair with Guigemar. He is made a fool, the dupe of love. Guigemar, however, in contrast to the old husband, practices selfless love. He is kind and noble, and, although he suffers from his physical wound, the pain of love is keener: â€Å" Love had now pierced him to the quick†¦for the lady had wounded him so deeply†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (De France, Marie. The Lais of Marie de France. Trans. Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby [L ondon: Penguin Group, 1986.Print] p.48).† This type of love most closely resembles courtly love. Guigemar endures severe anguish to please his beloved, and his undying love inspires  him to prove himself to her. This lay provides a good example of what Marie de France considers wrong and right in love. We see another selfish love in the story of Bisclavret, a man with a werewolf alter ego who is betrayed by his adulterous wife. Ironically, although her husband is physically a beast, the real beast, as portrayed by Marie de France, is the wife, who not only betrays him, but also marries another man. She is selfishly concerned with her physical desires, something Marie de France considers ignoble and far worse than the jealousy displayed in the story of Guigemar. The selfish love in this story is inspired by sexual desire, a desire that Marie de France sees as a threat to selfless love. Selfish love is again shown in the lay of â€Å"Les Deux Amanz,† in which a young man has to carry his beloved to the top of a mountain without falling in order to prove his worthiness to her father. This seems to be an act of love, but, in fact, when the woman begs her lover to take a potion that will help him reach the top, he reveals another, vainer, motivation: â€Å"These people would shout at us and deafen me their noise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Burgess and Busby 84). In other words, his desire to reach the mountaintop is motivated at least in part by a need to prove himself to others, and less by the desire to faithfully perform a trial for his beloved. The noble purity of courtly love is not present. Characters demonstrating pure, selfless—even self-denying–devotion are portrayed throughout the lais as examples of true love. In the story of â€Å"Eliduc,† a brave, loyal knight is forced to find a new lord in another land and temporarily leave his wife, Guildeleuc. Although Eliduc meets a new love (Guilliadun), he remains faithful to his wife, demonstrating loyalty, suffering, and therefore a more pure kind of love. He finally marries Guilliadun, but only after Guildeleuc decides to give herself up to God and leave Eliduc. By letting Eliduc marry his true love, Guildeleuc also shows love in its most giving form, but in this case it is a truly spiritual love. This story thus displays two types of selfless love represented by each of his wives: love of God and the love between a man and a woman. Significantly, at the end of the lay, â€Å"He placed his beloved lady with his former wife, by whom she was received honorably as a sister, . . . â€Å" (Burgess and Busby 126). This suggests that pure love can take both a spiritual and worldly form. Central to the Lais of Marie de France, then, is courtly love. While her lais are idealistic in their portrayal of loyalty  and romantic chivalry, historically, marriages among the nobility were dispassionate and practical (Joseph Campbell). Troubadours began to introduce stories of interpersonal relationships and the possibility of romantic love. Although this kind of love directly contradicted the views of the church, it inspired people to take matters of love and relationships into their own hands (Joseph Campbell). This is what Marie de France wants to inspire–the universal knowledge of love and how imperative an aspect it remains in society. The idea is important enough to her to make her text more accessible to society. She begins her prologue by stating: â€Å"When a truly beneficial thing is heard by many people, it then enjoys its first blossom, but if it is widely praised its flowers are in full bloom†(Burgess and Busby 41). She wishes to share her insights about love to everyone, not simply to write inaccessible stories available only to philosophers or the learned. Works Cited â€Å"Backgrounds to Romance: ‘Courtly Love’† Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth with Bill Moyers [2001]. De France, Marie. The Lais of Marie De France. Trans. Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby. London: Penguin Group, 1986. Print.

Alcoholic Beverage and Quantum Software Essay

Quantum Software does indeed have a problem involving a disagreement in the appropriateness of a company sponsored social activity. This weekly gathering is offered by Quantum’s management as a reward for their productiveness displayed throughout the week. While the get-together appears to be very popular among employees and managers alike, there is at least one party (Bill, the corporate attorney) who voices objection to the weekly festivity (Brown & Harvey, 1995). The problems can be defined in terms of macro; issues having to do with leadership, resources, and the surrounding infrastructure, and micro, which include internal issues such as employee training, empowerment and organizational processes. (Packard 2005). The macro issue is that there is a difference in opinion on whether or not the â€Å"beer bust† is an appropriate means of rewarding the company’s employees. Stan and Erin, the founders of Quantum Software, feel that this time is beneficial because it provides an opportunity to â€Å"encourage the team concept† (Brown & Harvey, 1995). Bill however, after witnessing an employee stumbling as a result of his drinking, questions the company’s liability of providing alcohol during the workday. The micro issue, although not specifically stated in the study, is that coworkers are subject to seeing each other as well as members of management in an intoxicated state; creating a situation where professional integrity could be compromised. The cause for the conflict is the fact that the company is offering its employees alcohol during work hours, creating a situation where Quantum would be held liable should an accident occur at work or as the employees were leaving the office. Additional concerns are warranted in considering that not all employees (based on statistically studies of drinking in the workplace) will be included in an event where drinking alcohol is involved (NZMA, 2006). Additionally, studies show that organizations that encourage drinking at work have a higher rate of employees with drinking problems; which can greatly affect worker performance (National Institute On Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism, 2006). Alternative opportunities should be offered to the employees that would achieve the goals that Stan and Erin have set of creating an atmosphere where workers can â€Å"blow off a little steam† without providing alcohol (Brown & Harvey, 1995). Recognizing that the workers are adults and have the ability to make responsible decisions in regards to drinking, perhaps a social committee could provide an alternate experience to the â€Å"beer bust† that does not conflict with the interest of Quantum Software. There are two recommendations that I would offer to the management team of Quantum Software. First, the monies dedicated to offering the current â€Å"beer bust† should be redirected to an offering that includes all employees, including those that do not drink. This will provide an inclusive atmosphere where all employees can participate. Second, an off-property location should be established by a social committee (not management) where employees have the opportunity to â€Å"socialize over a beer without the pressure of work† (Brown & Harvey, 1995). This way the employees are on their own time and are responsible for their own actions; relieving Quantum Software of any responsibility for its employee’s actions. References Brown, D. & Harvey D. (2006). An experimental approach to organization and development. Upper Saddle River: Pearson National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2008). Alcohol and the workplace Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http://alcoholism. about. com/od/work/l/blnaa44. htm NZMA (2006). Alcohol consumption. Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http://www. nzma. org. nz/journal/116-1184/645/Figures%20and%20tables. pdf Packard,T. (1995). TQM and organizational change and development. Retrieved March 23, 2008 from http://www. improve. org/tqm. html#Exhibit%20I:%20A%20Force%20Field %20.

Employee Portfolio: Management Plan Essay

Employee Portfolio Amy, one of the employees has a very negative outlook on usual daily basis. She is not very satisfied with her current job which prevents her from showing her full potential at work. Her personal emotions take over and carry on to any tasks. There is something preventing her from being satisfied in the work. From her assessment it seems as she feels it is hard to grown and show her real ability to work to satisfaction of the company. On the other hand, Daisy is very happy with her current position in the company she is working for. She is happy which reflects in her work because she is able to use her full potential. She is able to accomplish whatever comes her way and is always open to new things. Finally, Lynnet is in some way like the other employee Daisy. She as well is happy with her job and can use own methods on the job to grow. She is good at noticing mood changes between others and herself and can think clearly about how to manage emotions. My recommendations on future assessments for Amy might be taking are like one, she needs to find a way she can control her emotions and feelings. Another recommendation is she needs to know she can take break before starting just so she can refresh her mood and attitude. Sometimes since she lets things around her take control taking a walk can help before taking any kind of assessments. Assessments can be stressful to an employee especially if they are afraid it can affect their pay, work schedule and future promotions. Both Daisy and Lynnet, are able to handle their emotions and surroundings and does not affect or interfere when taking assessments, therefore; they can just keep doing the same things they are currently doing that is working just fine. When Daisy was taking the assessment I noticed she took her time and even talked to herself about certain things she even knew about how she is. Lastly, Lynnet was quicker at doing the assessments  because at the moment she was just g etting off work and I believe since she loves her job it was just really easy to answer the questions. I believe Daisy and Lynnet should keep up what they are doing and working for them.